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HOME > Acute Crit Care > Volume 29(1); 2014 > Article
Case Report One Hundred Seven Days of ECMO as a Bridge to Lung Transplantation: The Longest Duration Among Elderly Patients
Eun Jung Kim, M.D., Hyo Chae Paik, M.D., Ph.D.*, Moo Suk Park, M.D., Ph.D., Myung-hwa Kim, M.D., Shin-Ok Koh, M.D., Ph.D, You Jin Lee, M.D., Sungwon Na, M.D., Ph.D.
The Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2014;29(1):48-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.1.48
Published online: February 28, 2014

Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

*Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Sungwon Na, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea, Tel: +82-2-2228-2420, Fax: +82-2-312-7185, E-mail: nswksj@yuhs.ac
• Received: October 7, 2013   • Revised: December 12, 2013   • Accepted: December 12, 2013

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a means for supporting adequate gas exchange in patients with severe respiratory failure and is the only therapeutic option for ventilation-refractory patients awaiting lung transplantation. Moreover, defining the patients likely to benefit from ECMO as a bridge to transplantation has recently become a point of interest. Here, we report a case of prolonged ECMO support to a patient awaiting lung transplantation. A 66-year-old woman was diagnosed with acute interstitial pneumonia and was placed on veno-venous (VV) ECMO due to unsatisfactory gas exchange despite maximal ventilator care. She underwent bilateral lung transplantation after 99 days of ECMO and was successfully weaned from it on the 107th ECMO day. This is the longest period of ECMO support to be reported among elderly patients.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the only therapeutic method for patients with end stage pulmonary disease and for those waiting for lung transplantation. Due to negative outcomes reported by previous studies, ECMO has been considered to be a contraindication for patients waiting for future lung transplantation.[1,2] However, developments in techniques and devices have not only enabled patients to benefit from ECMO, but also have led to decreases in the risk of bleeding and lung injury from prolonged mechanical ventilation.[3] Accordingly, the role of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation has garnered greater interest in the field of transplantation, especially for ventilation-refractory patients.[4,5] Several studies have reported on ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation, yet most of them deal with relatively young patients of less than 50 years old.[6] Herein, we report our experience of 107 days of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation in an elderly patient with acute interstitial pneumonia.
A 66-year-old woman, who presented with 40 days of dyspnea, cough, and sputum, was diagnosed with acute interstitial pneumonia. She had previous medical history of hypertension and fatty liver disease. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and began receiving mechanical ventilation (Fig. 1a). Conventional ventilator techniques were applied in an effort to prevent severe hypoxia and inefficient gas exchange. She was placed on veno-venous (VV) ECMO: the use of ECMO partially corrected the abnormal gas status. Despite such improvements, she could not be weaned from ECMO, and her condition still was not stabilized (Fig. 1b). Therefore, lung transplantation became her only therapeutic option. After 105 days on the ventilator, or 99 days of ECMO support, she underwent bilateral lung transplantation (Fig. 2). She was changed to veno-arterial (VA) ECMO prior to surgery in case of unexpected hemodynamic instability caused by surgical manipulation. This was maintained until postoperative day 1 when she underwent bleeder ligation and hematoma removal due to arterial bleeding in her chest cavity. The operation was uneventful and she tolerated well with the veno-venous (VV) ECMO. On postoperative day 4, she underwent evacuation of hematoma in her thoracic cavity (Fig. 1c).
Complications during the 107 days of ECMO included spontaneous abdominal wall hematoma on the 7th day of ECMO, probably due to the use of heparin. Heparinization was stopped on postoperative day 4 due to concern about bleeding risk and hematoma formation on her chest. The patient was weaned from the ECMO on the postoperative day 8. During the 107 days of ECMO support, four oxygenators were replaced. Pathologic examination showed interstitial fibrosis with fibrinous exudates. The postoperative course was complicated by possible pulmonary infections, sepsis, and profound critical illness myopathy, leading to delayed weaning from the ventilator despite proper rehabilitation and physical therapy. Other complications included newly applied hemodialysis due to decreased renal function, and pressure-sores along coccyx area due to prolonged immobilization. She is still undergoing respiratory rehabilitation and is working to be weaned from the ventilator (Fig. 1d).
Although there have been many efforts to resolve organ shortages, finding a suitable donor is difficult, especially for those needing a lung transplantation. While new surgical techniques, such as lobar lung transplantation, are being introduced,[7] scarcity of available donor organs reflects an imbalance in supply and demand. Such shortages of donor lungs have necessitated the introduction of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation for end stage pulmonary disease patients.
ECMO has been widely adopted for patients with respiratory failure to assist adequate gas exchange. Nowadays, many physicians focus on ECMO not only as a gas exchanger, but also as a bridge to lung transplantation. In patients with chronic respiratory failure and limitations in gas exchange, despite mechanical ventilation aid, lung transplantation could be the only available treatment measure. However, ECMO had been regarded as a contraindication for lung transplantation due to a multivariate risk analysis conducted by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), which indicated both mechanical ventilation and ECMO before lung transplantation as strong predictors of death.[2] The role of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation has recently came into the spotlight due to advancements in ECMO systems.[8]
Previously, the longest period reported to be supported by ECMO was 57 days,[9] while recent studies with advanced ECMO systems have reported 107 and 110 days.[10,11] One case ended the support followed by lung transplantation, while the other ended upon recuperation from the disease. Our report describes a 66-year old woman with acute interstitial pneumonia who had been on ECMO due to inadequate gas exchange with mechanical ventilation, and had received lung transplantation. The patient could not be weaned off immediately after surgery despite bilateral lung transplantation, but was off ECMO support by postoperative day 8. Although the patient could not be weaned off at once after the operation and remained on ventilator support, our case is of importance because the maintenance of ECMO support was the longest reported among elderly patients.
Despite adequate respiratory support by ECMO, many patients undergoing lung transplantation, especially elderly patients, face many other clinical issues. Adequate muscle strength is needed not only for successful postoperative rehabilitation and ventilator weaning, but also for overcoming acquired neuromuscular disorders, such as critical illness myopathy, which are common among patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation.[12,13] Elderly patients may also already have deteriorated physical conditions preoperatively. Bleeding tendency due to the use of heparin for operating ECMO and decreased renal function are other clinical issues that warrant concern in patients on prolonged ECMO.
Although our patient is still on mechanical ventilation, we found our experience to be worthy of reporting not only for accepting ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation, but also for determining patients in whom to apply ECMO. The role of ECMO as a bridge to lung transplantation has already been acknowledged by many physicians. Nevertheless, due to conflicting results regarding to patient outcomes with ECMO, many study groups now focus on specifying which patients can be expected to benefit from ECMO as a bridge.[13]
In conclusion, we reported our educational experience with lung transplantation in a patient supported by a prolonged period of ECMO, the longest so far among elderly patients. We believe our experience can help supplement future clinical decisions in determining which patients may benefit from ECMO.
Fig. 1.
Chest radiography at (A) 40 days after onset of symptoms prior to intubation; (B) Progression of patchy opacity in both lungs on day 1 of ECMO; (C) Improved right pneumonic consolidation, but still noted haziness on left lung due to hematoma on postoperative day 4 of bilateral lung transplantation; (D) Resolution of bilateral consolidation on day 14 of surgery.
kjccm-2014-29-1-48f1.gif
Fig. 2.
Timeline of major clinical events.
kjccm-2014-29-1-48f2.gif
  • 1). Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, Fallat RJ, Bartlett RH, Edmunds LH, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure. A randomized prospective study. JAMA 1979;242:2193-6.ArticlePubMed
  • 2). Mason DP, Thuita L, Nowicki ER, Murthy SC, Pettersson GB, Blackstone EH. Should lung transplantation be performed for patients on mechanical respiratory support? The US experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;139:765-73.e1.ArticlePubMed
  • 3). Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, Wilson A, Allen E, Thalanany M, et al. Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009;374:1351-63.ArticlePubMed
  • 4). Nosotti M, Rosso L, Palleschi A, Lissoni A, Crotti S, Marenghi C, et al. Bridge to lung transplantation by venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a lesson learned on the first four cases. Transplant Proc 2010;42:1259-61.ArticlePubMed
  • 5). Javidfar J, Bacchetta M. Bridge to lung transplantation with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012;17:496-502.ArticlePubMed
  • 6). Hämmäinen P, Schersten H, Lemström K, Riise GC, Kukkonen S, Swärd K, et al. Usefulness of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation: a descriptive study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:103-7.ArticlePubMed
  • 7). Date H. Update on living-donor lobar lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2011;16:453-7.ArticlePubMed
  • 8). Jackson A, Cropper J, Pye R, Junius F, Malouf M, Glanville A. Use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to primary lung transplant: 3 consecutive, successful cases and a review of the literature. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008;27:348-52.ArticlePubMed
  • 9). Kolla S, Awad SS, Rich PB, Schreiner RJ, Hirschl RB, Bartlett RH. Extracorporeal life support for 100 adult patients with severe respiratory failure. Ann Surg 1997;226:544-64.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 10). Iacono A, Groves S, Garcia J, Griffith B. Lung transplantation following 107 days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2010;37:969-71.ArticlePubMed
  • 11). Strecker T, Münch F, Weyand M. One hundred ten days of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in a young woman with postpartum cerebral venous thrombosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Heart Surg Forum 2012;15:180-E181.ArticlePubMed
  • 12). Turner DA, Cheifetz IM, Rehder KJ, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Banuelos SJ, et al. Active rehabilitation and physical therapy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation while awaiting lung transplantation: a practical approach. Crit Care Med 2011;39:2593-8.ArticlePubMed
  • 13). Rehder KJ, Turner DA, Hartwig MG, Williford WL, Bonadonna D, Walczak RJ Jr, et al. Active rehabilitation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a bridge to lung transplantation. Respir Care 2013;58:1291-8.ArticlePubMedPMC

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