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- Original Article Sex-specific associations between dietary legume subtypes and type 2 diabetes in a prospective cohort study
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Hye Won Woo1,2
, Sangmo Hong3
, Min-Ho Shin4
, Sang Baek Koh5
, Hyeon Chang Kim6
, Yu-Mi Kim1,2
, Mi Kyung Kim1,2
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Epidemiol Health 2024;46e2024083-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024083
Published online: October 17, 2024
2Institute for Health and Society, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
3Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
4Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University, Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
5Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational Medicine, Yonsei Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
6Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Corresponding author:
Mi Kyung Kim,
Email: kmkkim@hanyang.ac.kr
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Dietary soy, known for its high phytoestrogen content, has been suggested to exhibit a sex-specific association with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence regarding the sex-specific associations of different legume subtypes with type 2 diabetes remains scarce. We aimed to evaluate whether habitual consumption of soy and non-soy legumes (beans and peanuts) was prospectively and sex-specifically associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes incidence, taking into considering significant sex-specific genetic factors beyond legume consumption.
METHODS
A total of 16,666 participants (96,945 person-years) were followed and 945 incident cases were observed. Cumulative intake of legume subtypes was calculated using a food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline and during the revisit surveys.
RESULTS
Non-soy legumes are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in both men and women. Dietary soy intake, however, demonstrated a unilaterally interacting sex-specific association with type 2 diabetes risk (pinteraction for sex=0.017). Specifically, there was a significant inverse association with type 2 diabetes risk in women (incidence rate ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence interval, 0.48 to 0.80; ptrend=0.007), but no such association was observed in men. This sex-specific association persisted and even appeared antagonistic in minor allele carriers of 2 novel single nucleotide polymorphisms, rs10196939 (LRRTM4) and rs11750158 (near GFPT2) (pinteraction for sex=0.001 and 0.011, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Habitual consumption of legumes shows protective impacts against type 2 diabetes, although these benefits vary by sex. Non-soy legumes provide health advantages for both men and women, whereas soy consumption seems to be beneficial exclusively for women.
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